https://jast.uma.ac.ir/ Journal of Advanced Sport Technology en daily 1 Sun, 01 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0330 Sun, 01 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0330 https://jast.uma.ac.ir/article_4249.html Deaf athletes compete in national and international events on a regular basis, and the majority of them train in clubs alongside hearing athletes. People with deafness or substantial hearing loss claim to have a distinct cultural identity and belong to a sociolinguistic group, however the majority do not consider this a handicap. Hearing loss is linked to challenges with balance control, which can impede functioning. Athletes with hearing impairments face unique communication challenges in sports, where quick decision-making and effective coordination are crucial. AR is described as a technique that combines digital and physical information that occurs in real-time utilizing technological equipment. In particular, AR refers to the loading and merging of virtual items such as video, sound, photographs, text, 3D models, and so on into real-world perspectives. Thus, in the context of athletes who have difficulty hearing, Augmented Reality (AR) technology provides a unique solution that increases sign language interpretation, real-time game strategy communication, and referee signaling. Sign language (SL) is the primary mode of communication between hearing-impaired persons and other populations, and it is represented through both manual (body and hand gestures) and non-manual (facial expressions) characteristics. These characteristics are used to generate utterances, which transmit the meaning of words or phrases. This paper investigates the significance of AR in overcoming communication barriers for deaf athletes by combining wearable gadgets, haptic feedback, and visual overlays. By utilizing AR-driven captioning and gesture detection, deaf athletes may get rapid, context-aware information, enhancing engagement and performance. https://jast.uma.ac.ir/article_3704.html Introduction: It is very important to pay attention to the physical and mental health of professional athletes. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) as a new method might be useful to reach this goal. Objectives: This study aims to investigate the effects of chronic effects of tDCS technology on performance, body composition, depression, anxiety and stress of professional swimmers. Materials and Methods: 19 male professional swimmers (age: 19.00±2.86 years) participated in the present study. On the first day, body composition, depression, anxiety and stress of athletes were evaluated. On the second day, swimming test was performed; according their pre-test records, participants were randomly divided into tDCS (n=10) and sham (n=9) groups. From the next day, 10 sessions of tDCS on the left hemisphere were applied three days a week. Two days after the last stimulation session, the initial evaluations were repeated. Statistical analysis was done with ANCOVA method. Results: Swimming time records decreased significantly. The stress scores decreased significantly but no significant change was observed in none of the body composition variables (weight, body mass index, total body fat and total body skeletal muscle). Also, there was no significant change in depression and anxiety scores. Discussion: According to the results of the present study, it seems that 10 sessions of tDCS along with the professional swimmers training, improves swimming performance and reduces the stress. Conclusion: According to the results of the present research, use of tDCS as a helpful technology to improve athletes’ performance and developing their psychological aspects is recommended. https://jast.uma.ac.ir/article_3826.html Introduction: Despite beneficial effects of exercise,balance between oxidants and antioxidants have great health importance.Therefore,reduction potentials for redox couples might be useful indicators of health;however exercise-induced poise of thiol/disulfide form gluthatione has not been measured by HPLC. Objective:The aim of this study was quantitation of poise of thiol/disulfide form gluthatione by in vivo Eh values for GSH/GSSG in erythrocytes in subjects with different physical training status.methods:Thirty male subjects participated in this cross-sectional study and were assigned as professional athletes (PA),recreational athletes (RA)and nonathletes (NA groups.Based on self-reported frequency of physical training, subjects from PA group were selected from professional soccer players; subjects from RA group were identified: moderately trained subjects with regular physical training and nonatletes had no physical activity in their routine. Blood samples were taken from an antecubital vein and analyzed into two part: The part 1 were used for measuring hemoglobin and hematocrit using automated Coulter Counter (Sysmex k-x21) and part 2 containing EDTA were centrifuged at 1600 g for 5 min to obtain Erythrocytes, they were washed twice with cold 9% NaCl solution and Erythrocytes lysed by freezing for 2 hours. Finally, hemolysate (100 mL) was deproteinized and used for measurement of oxidized glutathione (GSSG) to reduced glutathione (GSH) by HPLC; The HPLC analyses were performed with Agilent 1200 series HPLC systems equipped with a quaternary pump system (G1311A) and a fluorescence detector (G1321A) (Agilent Technologies, Waldbronn, Germany). Fluorimetric detection was performed at 420 nm after excitation at 340 nm. Then, Eh for GSH/2GSSG was calculated by Nernst equation (Eh=E0 + RT/nF ln([GSSG]/[GSH]2). Results: Recreational athletes had the less amounts of reduction potentials for GSH in compared to nonathletes group; however recreational athletes had the redox environment with the most negative amount of Eh in their erythrocytes. This study suggests that physical activity of individuals determines the reduction potentials for GSH in erythrocytes. Discussion and Conclusion: Long term regular exercise training with moderate intensity has the least reduction potentials that ensuring healthiness, versus intensive exercise training same as passive lifestyle leads to most amounts of reduction potential and may be consequent development of related diseases https://jast.uma.ac.ir/article_3991.html Introduction: The purpose of this research was to identify sports development strategies in military organizations with an entrepreneurial approach using data base theory in the ground forces of the Islamic Republic of Iran Army.Research method: The current research is applied in terms of purpose and was conducted using a qualitative method using descriptive phenomenology approach. The participants in the research were 12 managers and sports experts of the Army of the Islamic Republic of Iran. The sampling method was purposeful and snowball. The data collection tool was a semi-structured interview, and the coding steps were done in Max‌Quda software version 2020. Validity, transferability, trustworthiness and verifiability criteria were used to determine validity and reliability.Findings: Sports development strategies in military organizations with an entrepreneurial approach include 46 sub-themes in the form of 7 main themes, development of sports space, welfare services, commercialization of sports, development of practical and specialized sports, support of team sports, improvement of skills and increasing the spirit of cooperation.Conclusion: Considering the great importance of sports and physical training as an important factor in improving the physical and mental fitness and ultimately the defense readiness of the military forces, the development and improvement of sports seems inevitable and necessary. Managers of military organizations should have a special look at entrepreneurial skills in sports and physical education development strategies.Keywords :Strategy, sports development, military organizations, entrepreneurial approach https://jast.uma.ac.ir/article_4079.html The DRS (Drag Reduction System) in Formula 1 races is recognized as a key technology for improving vehicle performance and enhancing competitiveness. This system reduces air resistance in specific sections of the track, enabling higher speeds and shorter lap times. The aim of this study is to examine the impacts of DRS on vehicle performance under different track conditions, analyze lap times, and assess its effects on overtaking strategies. Using advanced statistical tools such as R, Python, and SPSS, recent Formula 1 race data were analyzed to extract patterns and relationships between DRS usage and lap times. The results showed that activating DRS, especially on long straights, significantly reduced lap times and increased vehicle speed. Additionally, the study revealed that the effects of DRS varied under different weather conditions and track types, with the technology being less impactful in certain circumstances. Overall, optimal use of DRS can assist drivers in overtaking and shifting competitive positions during tight races. This research emphasizes the importance of statistical analyses and simulation models for designing successful strategies in Formula 1 races. https://jast.uma.ac.ir/article_4147.html Background: Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is a prevalent long-term complication of diabetes, characterized by severe pain, loss or reduction of sensation, and an increased risk of ulcers and amputations. The present study aims to compare the effects of aquatic therapeutic exercise (ATE) and kinesio-taping (KT) on blood glucose levels, sensory-motor symptoms, and neuropathic pain in women with DPN.Methods: A quasi-experimental study was conducted with a causal-comparative approach and a pretest-posttest design. Twenty women with DPN (age: 51.55 ± 4.54 years; height: 160.50 ± 3.77 cm; weight: 67.68 ± 8.09 kg) were randomly assigned to either an ATE group or a KT group. The ATE group performed Aquatic Therapeutic exercises for eight weeks. In the KT group, the tapes were continuously applied to the anterior and posterior muscles of the calf for eight weeks. A glucometer was used to assess blood glucose levels, and the Michigan neuropathy screening instrument was employed to evaluate neuropathy symptoms. Moreover, the LANSS pain scale was utilized to measure pain levels.Results: The study findings revealed that both methods caused significant changes in symptoms and neuropathic pain; however, only the ATE significantly changed blood glucose levels (P<0.05). Additionally, no significant differences were observed between the effects of KT and ATE on neuropathic symptoms and pain between the two groups (P>0.05).Conclusions: According to the results, while both methods have positive effects on improving neuropathy symptoms and reducing pain in women with DPN, only ATE reduces blood glucose levels in these individuals https://jast.uma.ac.ir/article_4210.html Background: The present study aimed to examine the effectiveness of a virtual reality intervention in enhancing self-efficacy and intrinsic motivation among adolescent Football players.Methods: A quasi-experimental design with pretest–posttest and control group was employed. Twenty-four male football players (aged 13–18) were randomly assigned to either the experimental (VR) group or the control group (n = 12 per group). The VR intervention, based on the Nintendo Wii Fit platform, spanned eight weeks and included 24 sessions. Self-efficacy was assessed using the Sports Self-Efficacy Scale, and intrinsic motivation was measured with a localized version of the Self-Regulation Questionnaire. Data were analyzed using two-way repeated-measures ANOVA.Results: Statistically significant improvements were observed in both self-efficacy (P = 0.003) and intrinsic motivation (P = 0.010) in the experimental group. A significant time × group interaction effect was found for intrinsic motivation (P = 0.001), with post-test scores in the VR group 17.51% higher than those of the control group.Conclusions: The findings provide empirical validation for VR as a psychologically beneficial training modality in adolescent sport contexts. By fulfilling key psychological needs related to competence, autonomy, and engagement, VR can enhance motivational dynamics and perceived self-regulation in youth athletes. These results suggest that VR-based interventions, when grounded in psychological theory, offer a promising supplementary strategy for coaches, physical educators, and sport psychologists aiming to foster long-term psychological readiness and participation among adolescent athletes. https://jast.uma.ac.ir/article_4243.html The footwear and equipment worn by military personnel is important to enable them to meet the specific physical demands of the daily activities of their profession. on the other hand, the mileage of the boots is an important factor that can influence the risk of sustaining injuries during running. The aim of the present study was to compare muscle activities while running on polyurethane military boots compared to thermoplastic polyurethane in males’ individuals. Fifteen healthy males received two new pair of polyurethane and thermoplastic polyurethane military boots. They were asked to wear these shoes over 6 months. Muscle activities of the right leg were recorded during running at 3.2 run speed. Two-way ANOVA was used for statistical analysis at a significance level of 0.05. Results demonstrate significant main effect of "boots" for Gas-Med (p=0.045, η2p=0.136) muscle activities during mid-stance phase. Findings showed significant main effect of time for ST (p=0.011, η2p=0.211), and Glut-Med (p=0.032, η2p=0.154), during loading phase, TA (p=0.013, η2p=0.199), and Glut-Med (p=0.049, η2p=0.131) during mid-stance phase and Gas-Med (p=0.026, η2p=0.164), TA (p=0.016, η2p=0.190), and Glut-Med (p=0.014, η2p=0.187) during push off phase. furthermore, results show significant boot-by-time interactions for ST (p=0.017, η2p=0.188) muscle activity during push off phase. Wearing new polyurethane boots was associated with significantly less muscle activation and higher mean frequency in key running-related muscles during long-distance running. This finding suggested that wearing new polyurethane boots may improve muscle function, which could improve running performance and prevent muscle fatigue. https://jast.uma.ac.ir/article_4252.html Walking, as a complex motor activity, requires precise coordination within the neuromuscular system. This study aimed to analyze the multiscale complexity of electroencephalography (EEG) signals and kinematic data during walking to investigate brain-lower limb interactions. Thirteen male participants walked on a treadmill under controlled conditions, during which EEG signals and kinematic data were recorded. Multifractal complexity analysis using the multifractal detrended fluctuation analysis (MF-DFA) method was applied to the data to extract the Hurst exponent as a complexity index for dynamic features of movements in displacement dimensions along three axes (X, Y, Z) and cortical activity in motor brain regions (C3 and C4) during walking. Results indicated that the generalized Hurst exponent H(q) in the C3 and C4 regions was similar and exhibited a significant positive correlation with the same parameter in the dynamics of the contralateral limb, supporting the principle of interhemispheric control. Segmental analysis of the thigh, shank, and foot revealed substantial dynamic symmetry between the right and left sides. The multifractal patterns of the segments demonstrated significant differences, with the highest H(q) in the shank and the lowest in the thigh. Strong intra-system coordination among segments suggests an integrated organization in motor control. These findings confirm neuromuscular symmetry and coordination, provide utility for assessing motor disorders and designing rehabilitation protocols, and underscore the importance of multiscale analysis in elucidating complex brain-body interactions, with potential applications in neuroscience, biomechanics, and rehabilitation research. https://jast.uma.ac.ir/article_4254.html This study aimed to identify and validate management strategies for applying artificial intelligence (AI) and emerging technologies in sports development for veterans and individuals with disabilities. An applied mixed-methods design was used, engaging experts selected through purposive sampling. The Delphi technique was conducted in three rounds to identify, refine, and reach consensus on strategies. Qualitative data from semi-structured interviews were coded and analyzed, while quantitative data were examined using descriptive statistics. Credibility was ensured through participant verification, iterative review, and an audit trail. Reliability was calculated at 81% based on inter-rater agreement and process auditing. The study resulted in 65 validated strategies organized into nine key domains: strategic planning and macro-policy-making, designing technological infrastructure, training and human resource development, data analytics and intelligent decision-making, collaboration and networking, economic development and resource management, continuous monitoring and evaluation, enhancing accessibility and social equity, and innovation and future foresight. Findings indicate that effective implementation of AI and emerging technologies requires a comprehensive and strategic management approach. Critical elements include clear strategic planning, robust technological infrastructure, skilled human resources, and data-driven decision-making. Proper management of these components can improve participation, performance, and quality of life for veterans and individuals with disabilities, opening new opportunities for advancement. This study not only enriches the current literature but also provides a practical framework for policymakers and sports managers to promote sustainable and inclusive development through AI and emerging technologies. https://jast.uma.ac.ir/article_4255.html Introduction: With the advancement of technology in the sports industry, achieving economic sustainability in key processes such as ticketing remains a significant challenge. Digital technologies, including electronic ticketing and blockchain, offer opportunities to enhance transparency, reduce costs, and improve efficiency. However, user adoption and technical complexities pose barriers to realizing these benefits. Objectives: This study aims to investigate the simultaneous role of technology acceptance factors and blockchain capabilities in achieving economic sustainability within the context of digital ticketing in the Iranian Premier Football League. Material and Methods: The study population comprised managers and experts associated with the Iranian Premier Football League, selected through purposive and convenience sampling (N=184). Data were collected using standardized questionnaires on technology acceptance factors, blockchain capabilities, and economic sustainability. The validity of the questionnaires was confirmed by eight sports management professors, and reliability was assessed using Cronbach’s alpha and composite reliability. Descriptive statistics were analyzed using SPSS version 27, and structural equation modeling was performed with Smart PLS version 3.2. Results: The results indicated that adoption intention for digital ticketing had a positive and significant effect on economic sustainability (β=0.209, t=2.726). Blockchain capabilities positively and significantly influenced both adoption intention for digital ticketing (β=0.186, t=2.771) and economic sustainability (β=0.574, t=8.369). Complexity positively affected perceived ease of use (β=0.616, t=12.265). Extrinsic motivation and perceived usefulness significantly influenced adoption intention for digital ticketing (β=0.351, t=5.748; β=0.369, t=5.352). However, perceived ease of use had no significant effect on adoption intention (β=0.05, t=0.649, p=0.517). Relative advantage significantly impacted perceived usefulness (β=0.565, t=10.573). Discussion and Conclusion: The findings highlight that successful implementation of innovative technologies like blockchain in the sports industry requires addressing both technical aspects and user perceptions. Blockchain capabilities and technology acceptance factors are critical drivers of economic sustainability in digital ticketing. Future strategies should focus on enhancing user motivation and simplifying technology use to maximize adoption and sustainability. https://jast.uma.ac.ir/article_4363.html Background: Lumbar hyperlordosis is a common spinal abnormality that can negatively affect balance and physical performance. This study investigated the effect of six weeks of TRX exercises on lumbar curvature and postural control changes in men with lumbar hyperlordosis.Methods: This study was a randomized controlled trial (RCT). The population consisted of non-athlete male employees aged 18 to 30 with lumbar hyperlordosis in Quchan city. From this population, a sample of 34 participants was selected through an initial screening process using a grid board and was randomly assigned to two groups: an experimental group (n=17) and a control group (n=17). The experimental group performed TRX exercises for six weeks, three sessions per week, each lasting 60 minutes. Lumbar lordosis was measured with a flexible ruler, while the static and dynamic balance were assessed using the Y-Balance and static balance tests. Data analysis was performed using paired t-tests and ANCOVA in SPSS version 22.Results: The findings revealed that TRX exercises significantly reduced lumbar curvature in the experimental group compared to the control group (p=0.012). Additionally, the experimental group showed a significant improvement in static balance (p=0.007) and dynamic balance (p=0.020) compared to the control group. These improvements indicate the positive impact of TRX exercises on postural control and balance in individuals with lumbar hyperlordosis.Conclusions: The results of this study demonstrated that TRX exercises can effectively reduce lumbar curvature and improve static and dynamic balance in men with lumbar hyperlordosis. Due to the instability created during these exercises, stabilizing muscles are activated, making them beneficial in addressing musculoskeletal issues. https://jast.uma.ac.ir/article_4523.html This study examines the primary factors influencing media transformation and artificial intelligence (AI), with a particular emphasis on identifying critical challenges and opportunities within the sports sector. Media transformation in the age of AI is not merely the outcome of technological advancements; rather, it results from a complex interplay of economic, social, cultural, and legal forces that shape its future trajectory in a nonlinear and multi-scenario manner. Accordingly, this research adopts a foresight methodology by integrating Delphi-based cross-impact analysis with MICMAC structural analysis to identify key drivers across political, economic, social, technological, environmental, and legal (PESTEL) dimensions. In terms of purpose, this study is applied-developmental, and methodologically, it employs a mixed-methods (qualitative–quantitative) approach. In the first stage, a set of factors influencing AI-driven transformation in the media industry was identified through environmental scanning and a systematic review of the scientific literature. These factors were subsequently refined through three rounds of Delphi with the participation of experts in media, communication, and information technology, resulting in a final consensus on 18 key drivers. In the next stage, structural analysis using MICMAC software was conducted to examine the interrelationships among these drivers. The results of direct and indirect influence analysis revealed that variables such as the concentration of capital and market power in AI-driven media platforms, the orientation of public policy and regulation, data and algorithmic infrastructures, and the level of technological autonomy constitute the most influential and determining system variables. In contrast, variables such as legal requirements for algorithmic transparency, public trust in AI-generated content, and the professional skills of the media workforce were identified as dependent variables. Focusing on the sports industry as one of the most significant sectors within the media landscape, the findings highlight strategic opportunities for the development of sports media and provide actionable insights for managers seeking to leverage AI-driven transformations. https://jast.uma.ac.ir/article_4526.html This systematic review investigated the role of artificial intelligence (AI) in professional weightlifting in recent years. With the increasing advancement of technology, artificial intelligence has become one of the important tools in all sciences, especially in the field of sports science. AI's significance was observed across various domains, including biomechanical movement analysis, performance prediction, training program optimization, and injury risk mitigation. Findings indicate that machine learning and computer vision algorithms can accurately identify weightlifters' movement patterns and detect technical errors with superior precision compared to human observers. Moreover, data-driven predictive models demonstrate effectiveness in adjusting training loads, monitoring fatigue, and delivering personalized recommendations.Despite these advancements, challenges persist, such as the scarcity of large, standardized datasets, the lack of established motion capture protocols, and limitations in generalizing models across elite athletes. A notable gap exists in field research, with most existing studies confined to laboratory settings, highlighting the need for testing AI models under real-world training and competition conditions.This systematic review concludes that AI serves as a potent tool for enhancing performance and reducing injury risk in national and professional weightlifting. However, realizing AI's full potential necessitates improvements in data infrastructure, enhanced collaboration between AI specialists, sports coaches, and athletes, and further research. Future developments are poised to enable the implementation of sophisticated intelligent systems for coaches and athletes.