Electromyographic Activity of Shoulder Muscles in Sitting volleyball Players During Push-Up and Chest Press with and without TRX

Document Type : Original research papers

Authors

1 Department of Motor Behavior, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences,University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran

2 Department of Motor Behavior, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran

Abstract

Aim: This study aimed to investigate the electromyographic (EMG) activity of selected shoulder girdle muscles in sitting volleyball players during push-up and chest press exercises, performed with and without TRX suspension training. Methods: Ten sitting volleyball players who met the inclusion criteria voluntarily participated in the study. EMG signals were recorded using an 80-channel USB+2 device (frequency: 1000 Hz) and bipolar surface electrodes. The muscles analyzed included the triceps brachii, biceps brachii, and deltoid on both the right and left sides. Signal processing was conducted using OT Biolab software, employing a band-pass filter of 10–350 Hz, and the root mean square (RMS) of the signals was extracted. The maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) method was used to normalize the EMG signals. Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 22. Statistical tests included the dependent t-test and repeated measures ANOVA to compare the four experimental conditions. Results: The normalized EMG activity of the right and left triceps and deltoid muscles, as well as the right biceps brachii, was significantly higher during TRX push-ups compared to traditional push-ups (p < 0.05). Similarly, during the chest press with TRX, the normalized EMG activity of the right (p = 0.02) and left (p = 0.002) deltoid muscles and the left biceps brachii (p = 0.025) was significantly greater than the chest press using dumbbells. A significant interaction was observed between the TRX and exercise factors (F = 5.34, p = 0.046, ɳ² = 0.37). Additionally, a significant three-way interaction was found among muscle, TRX, and exercise factors (F = 6.31, p = 0.02, ɳ² = 0.61). Conclusion: TRX exercises elicited significantly higher muscle activation compared to traditional exercises. Furthermore, TRX push-ups promoted more symmetrical muscle activity than traditional push-ups. These findings suggest that TRX exercises are an effective and low-risk alternative for inclusion in training programs for sitting volleyball players.

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

  1. Bayles MP.ACSM's exercise testing and prescription. Lippincott williams & wilkins; 2023 Jan 26.
  2. Bratovčić V, Mikić B, Mehmedinović S, Šarić E, Kostovski Ž.Morphological motor status of top quality sitting volleyball players in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Journal of Physical Education and Sport. 2017 Jun 1;17(2):764.
    DOI: 7752/jpes.2017.02076
  3. Behm DG, Muehlbauer T, Kibele A, Granacher U.Effects of strength training using unstable surfaces on strength, power and balance performance across the lifespan: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Medicine. 2015 Dec;45:1645-69.
    DOI: 1007/s40279-015-0384-x
  4. Suchomel TJ, Nimphius S, Stone MH.The importance of muscular strength in athletic performance. Sports medicine. 2016 Oct;46:1419-49.
    DOI: 1007/s40279-016-0486-0
  5. Calatayud J, Borreani S, Colado JC, Martin F, Tella V, Andersen LL.Bench press and push-up at comparable levels of muscle activity results in similar strength gains. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research. 2015 Jan 1;29(1):246-53.
    DOI: 1519/JSC.0000000000000589
  6. Calatayud J, Borreani S, Colado JC, Martín FF, Rogers ME, Behm DG, Andersen LL.Muscle activation during push-ups with different suspension training systems. Journal of sports science & medicine. 2014 Sep 1;13(3):502.
    DOI: 52082/jssm.2014.502
  7. Escamilla RF, Lewis C, Bell D, Bramblet G, Daffron J, Lambert S, Pecson A, Imamura R, Paulos L, Andrews JR.Core muscle activation during Swiss ball and traditional abdominal exercises. Journal of orthopaedic & sports physical therapy. 2010 May;40(5):265-76.
    DOI: 2519/jospt.2010.3073
  8. Fagher K, Lexell J.Sports‐related injuries in athletes with disabilities. Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports. 2014 Oct;24(5):e320-31 .
    DOI: 1111/sms.12175
  9. Hagerman P.Strength Training for Triathletes: The Complete Program to Build Triathlon Power, Speed, and Muscular Endurance. VeloPress; 2015 Jan 10.
    DOI: Not Available
  10. Gaedtke A, Morat T.TRX suspension training: A new functional training approach for older adults–development, training control and feasibility. International journal of exercise science. 2015 Jul 1;8(3):224.
    DOI: 1249/01.mss.0000477234.47557.6c
  11. Dolati M, Ghazalian F, Abednatanzi H.The effect of a period of TRX training on lipid profile and body composition in overweight women. Int J Sport Sci. 2017 Nov 29;7(2):151-8.
  12. Springfield M.Correlations between anthropometric measurements and sport specific field-based tests in sitting volleyball. University of Central Oklahoma; 2021.
  13. Kibele A, Behm DG.Seven weeks of instability and traditional resistance training effects on strength, balance and functional performance. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research. 2009 Dec 1;23(9):2443-50.
    DOI: 1519/JSC.0b013e3181bb7211
  14. Martuscello JM, Nuzzo JL, Ashley CD, Campbell BI, Orriola JJ, Mayer JM.Systematic review of core muscle activity during physical fitness exercises. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research. 2013 Jun 1;27(6):1684-98.
    DOI: 1519/JSC.0b013e318291b8da
  15. McGill SM, Karpowicz A.Exercises for spine stabilization: motion/motor patterns, stability progressions, and clinical technique. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation. 2009 Jan 1;90(1):118-26.
    DOI: 1016/j.apmr.2008.06.026
  16. Tinto A, Campanella M, Fasano M.Core strengthening and synchronized swimming: TRX® suspension training in young female athletes. The Journal of sports medicine and physical fitness. 2016 May 3;57(6):744-51.
    DOI: 23736/S0022-4707.16.06279-9
  17. Snarr RL, Esco MR.Electromyographic comparison of traditional and suspension push-ups. Journal of Human Kinetics. 2013;39(1):75-83.
    DOI: 2478/hukin-2013-0071
  18. Snarr RL, Esco MR.Comparison of electromyographic activity when performing an inverted row with and without a suspension device. Journal of Exercise Physiology Online. 2014;17(6):51-60.
  19. Tweedy SM, Vanlandewijck YC.International Paralympic Committee position stand—Background and scientific principles of classification in Paralympic sport. British Journal of Sports Medicine. 2011;45(4):259-269.
    DOI: 1136/bjsm.2010.075499
  20. Youdas JW, Budach BD, Ellerbusch JV, Stucky CM, Wait KR, Hollman JH.Comparison of muscle activation during various forms of the push-up exercise. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 2010;24(2):475-481.
    DOI: 1519/JSC.0b013e3181c86674
  21. Zibaii M, Ghasemi G, Karimi MT, Norasteh AA.Comparison of muscle activity during bench press with barbell and TRX. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine. 2016;15(2):232-238.
    DOI: 52082/jssm.2016.232
  22. Escamilla RF, Lewis C, Bell D, Bramblet G.Core muscle activation during Swiss ball and traditional abdominal exercises. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy. 2010;40(5):265-276.
    DOI: 2519/jospt.2010.3073
  23. Kibele A, Behm DG.Seven weeks of instability and traditional resistance training effects on strength, balance, and functional performance. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 2009;23(9):2443-2450.
    DOI: 1519/JSC.0b013e3181bb7211
  24. Liu K, Ji L, Lu Y.Influence of Amputation on Kinetic Chain Musculature Activity During Basic and Modified Core Exercises. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance. 2024;19(5):487-495.
  25. McGill SM, Karpowicz A.Exercises for spine stabilization: Motion/motor patterns, stability progressions, and clinical technique. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2009;90(1):118-126.
    DOI: 1016/j.apmr.2008.06.026
  26. Myer GD, Ford KR, Hewett TE.Rationale and clinical techniques for anterior cruciate ligament injury prevention among female athletes. Journal of Athletic Training. 2004;39(4):352-364.
    DOI: 4085/1062-6050-39.4.352
  27. Snarr RL, Esco MR.Electromyographic comparison of traditional and suspension push-ups. Journal of Human Kinetics. 2013;39(1):75-83.
    DOI: 2478/hukin-2013-0071
  28. Zibaei AR, Sadeghi H, Baghaeian M.Comparison of Myoelectric Activity of a Selection of Upper Extremity Muscles while Doing Bench Press in Two Training Methods of TRX and Barbell Bench Press. Journal of Sport Biomechanics. 2016 Dec 10;2(3):51-60.
  29. Bastani M, Ghasemi G, Esmaeili H.Core Muscles Activation in Plank with and without Support on Upper Limbs during different Body Angles. Studies in Sport Medicine. 2023 Feb 20;14(34):95-118.
  30. Hermens HJ, Freriks B, Disselhorst-Klug C, Rau G.European recommendations for surface electromyography. Roessingh Research and Development. 1999;8(2):13-54.
  31. Singla D, Hussain ME, Moiz JA.Reliability of electromyographic assessment of biceps brachii and triceps brachii in cricketers. Journal of Chiropractic Medicine. 2018;17(3):151-159.
    DOI: 1016/j.jcm.2017.10.005
  32. Blanc Y, Dimanico U.Electrode placement in surface electromyography (sEMG)“Minimal Crosstalk Area”(MCA). Open Rehabil. J. 2010 Jan 1;3(1):110-26.
    DOI: Not Available
  33. Roman-Liu D, Bartuzi P.Influence of type of MVC test on electromyography measures of biceps brachii and triceps brachii. International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics. 2018;24(2):200-206.
    DOI: 1080/10803548.2017.1366129
  34. Al-Qaisi S, Aghazadeh F.Electromyography analysis: Comparison of maximum voluntary contraction methods for anterior deltoid and trapezius muscles. Procedia Manufacturing. 2015;3:4578-4583.
    DOI: 1016/j.promfg.2015.07.530
  35. Kenney WL, Wilmore JH, Costill DL.Physiology of sport and exercise. Human kinetics; 2022.
  36. Polat EA, Güzel NA.The effect of suspension exercises on muscular activities: A narrative review. Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi. 2023;7(2):410-415.
  37. Zibaei AR, Sadeghi H, Baghaeian M.Comparison of Myoelectric Activity of a Selection of Upper Extremity Muscles while Doing Bench Press in Two Training Methods of TRX and Barbell Bench Press. Journal of Sport Biomechanics. 2016;2(3):51-60.
  38. Topçu H, Özkan A, Kılıç Ö, Ersöz G.Sabit ve sabit olmayan zeminlerde uygulanan şınav egzersizi sırasında kas aktivasyonlarının karşılaştırılması. Gazi Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi. 2023;28(1):48-54.
  39. Borreani S, Calatayud J, Colado JC, Moya-Nájera D, Triplett NT, Martin F.Shoulder muscle activation during stable and suspended push-ups at different heights in healthy subjects. Physical Therapy in Sport. 2015;16(3):248-254.
    DOI: 1016/j.ptsp.2014.10.003
  40. Carbonnier A, Martinsson N.Examining muscle activation for Hang Clean and three different TRX Power Exercises: A validation study. Unpublished manuscript; 2012.
    DOI: Not Available
  41. Marshall P, Murphy B.Changes in muscle activity and perceived exertion during exercises performed on a swiss ball. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism. 2006;31(4):376-383.
    DOI: 1139/h06-006
  42. Lander JE, Hundley JR, Simonton RL.A comparison between free-weight and isokinetic bench pressing. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 1985;17(3):344-353.
    DOI: 1249/00005768-198506000-00012
  43. McCaw ST, Friday JJ.A comparison of muscle activity between a free weight and machine bench press. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research. 1994;8(4):259-264.
    DOI: 1519/00124278-199408000-00010
  44. Marshall P, Murphy B.Changes in muscle activity and perceived exertion during exercises performed on a swiss ball. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism. 2006;31(4):376-383.
    DOI: 1139/h06-006
  45. Vera-Garcia FJ, Grenier SG, McGill SM.Abdominal muscle response during curl-ups on both stable and labile surfaces. Physical Therapy. 2000;80(6):564-569.
    DOI: 1093/ptj/80.6.564
  46. Wahl MJ, Behm DG.Not all instability training devices enhance muscle activation in highly resistance-trained individuals. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research. 2008;22(4):1360-1370.
    DOI: 1519/JSC.0b013e31816a447f
  47. Youdas JW, Budach BD, Ellerbusch JV, Stucky CM, Wait KR, Hollman JH.Comparison of muscle-activation patterns during the conventional push-up and Perfect·Pushup™ exercises. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research. 2010;24(12):3352-3362.
    DOI: 1519/JSC.0b013e3181e8a6b5
  48. Behm DG. Neuromuscular implications and applications of resistance training. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 1995;9(4):264-274.  DOI: 1519/00124278-199511000-00014
  49. Saeterbakken AH, van den Tillaar R, Fimland MS. A comparison of muscle activity and 1-RM strength of three chest-press exercises with different stability requirements. Journal of Sports Sciences. 2011;29(5):533-538.  DOI: 1080/02640414.2010.543914
  50. Yazdani S, Elhami M. Electromyography activity of lower limb and erector spinae muscles during walking with and without cognitive dual task in patients with cerebral palsy and healthy controls. Studies in Sport Medicine. 2020;12(28):89-106. DOI: 22047/ijss.2020.230666.1465
Journal of Advanced Sport Technology
Volume 9, Issue 3
September 2025
Pages 56-70

Files

History

  • Receive Date: 08 November 2024
  • Revise Date: 04 February 2025
  • Accept Date: 13 May 2025

Share

How to cite

Statistics